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:''For other uses, see Islam and slavery.'' Islamic views on slavery first developed out of the slavery practices of pre-Islamic Arabia,〔Lewis 1994, (Ch.1 )〕 and were at times radically different, depending on social-political factors such as the Arab slave trade. In Islamic law, the topic of slavery is covered at great length.〔 The Quran (the holy book) and the ''hadith'' (the sayings of Muhammad) see slavery as an exceptional condition that can be entered into under certain limited circumstances.〔Brunschvig. 'Abd; ''Encyclopedia of Islam''〕 Only children of slaves or non-Muslim prisoners of war could become slaves, never a freeborn Muslim.〔Du Pasquier, Roger, ''Unveiling Islam'', p.67〕 They also consider manumission of a slave to be one of many meritorious deeds available for the expiation of sins.〔Gordon 1987, page 40.〕 According to Sharia, slaves are considered human beings and possessed some rights on the basis of their humanity. In addition, a Muslim slave is equal to a Muslim freeman in religious issues and superior to the free non-Muslim.〔See: Martin (2005), pp.150 and 151; Clarence-Smith (2006), p.2〕 In practice, slaves played various social and economic roles, from Emir to worker. Slaves were widely employed in irrigation, mining, pastoralism, and the army. Some rulers even relied on military and administrative slaves to such a degree that they seized power. In some cases, the treatment of slaves was so harsh that it led to uprisings, such as the Zanj Rebellion.〔Clarence-Smith (2006), pp.2-5〕 However, this was an exception rather than the norm, as the vast majority of labor in the medieval Islamic world consisted of free, paid labour. For a variety of reasons, internal growth of the slave population was not enough to fulfill the demand in Muslim society. This resulted in massive importation, which involved enormous suffering and loss of life from the capture and transportation of slaves from non-Muslim lands.〔Lewis 1990, page 10〕 In theory, slavery in Islamic law does not have a racial or color component, although this has not always been the case in practice.〔Bernard Lewis, ''Race and Color in Islam,'' Harper and Row, 1970, quote on page 38. The brackets are displayed by Lewis.〕 The Quran provides for emancipation of a slave as a means of religious atonement for sins.〔(Chapter 24 (Surat Al-Nur), Verse 33 )〕 One of the five pillars of Islam, zakāt, is meant to encourage Muslims to donate money to free slaves and bonded laborers in countries where slaves and bonded laborers may exist, in the hope that over time there will be no slaves left in that country.〔Medani Ahmed and Sebastian Gianci, ''Zakat'', Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy, p. 479〕 The Arab slave trade was most active in West Asia, North Africa, and Southeast Africa. In the early 20th century (post World War I), slavery was gradually outlawed and suppressed in Muslim lands, largely due to pressure exerted by Western nations such as Britain and France.〔 For example, Saudi Arabia and Yemen only abolished slavery in 1962 under pressure from Britain; Oman followed suit in 1970, and Mauritania in 1905, 1981, and again in August 2007.〔Martin A. Klein (2002), Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition, Page xxii, books.google.com/books?isbn=0810841029〕 However, slavery claiming the sanction of Islam is documented presently in the predominantly Islamic countries of Chad, Mauritania, Niger, Mali, and Sudan.〔Segal, page 206. See later in article.〕〔Segal, page 222. See later in article.〕 Many early converts to Islam were the poor and former slaves. One notable example is Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi.〔The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English By Ali Ünal Page 1323 ()〕〔Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Slaves and Slavery〕〔Bilal b. Rabah, Encyclopedia of Islam〕〔''The Cambridge History of Islam'' (1977), p.36〕 ==Slavery in pre-Islamic Arabia== Slavery was widely practiced in pre-Islamic Arabia, as well as in the rest of the ancient and early medieval world. The minority were white slaves of foreign extraction, likely brought in by Arab caravaners (or the product of Bedouin captures) stretching back to biblical times. Native Arab slaves had also existed, a prime example being Zayd ibn Harithah, later to become Muhammad's adopted son. Arab slaves, however, usually obtained as captives, were generally ransomed off amongst nomad tribes.〔 The slave population increased by the custom of child abandonment (see also infanticide), and by the kidnapping, or, occasionally, the sale of small children.〔Lewis (1992) p. 4〕 There is no conclusive evidence of the existence of enslavement for debt or the sale of children by their families; the late and rare accounts of such occurrences show them to be abnormal, Brunschvig states〔 (According to Brockopp, debt slavery was persistent.〔) Free persons could sell their offspring, or even themselves, into slavery. Enslavement was also possible as a consequence of committing certain offenses against the law, as in the Roman Empire.〔 Two classes of slave existed: a purchased slave, and a slave born in the master's home. Over the latter the master had complete rights of ownership, though these slaves were unlikely to be sold or disposed of by the master. Female slaves were at times forced into prostitution for the benefit of their masters, in accordance with Near Eastern customs.〔〔Mendelsohn (1949) pp. 54—58 〕〔John L Esposito (1998) p. 79〕 The historical accounts of the early years of Islam report that "slaves of non-Muslim masters ... suffered brutal punishments. Sumayyah bint Khayyat is famous as the first martyr of Islam, having been killed with a spear by Abū Jahl when she refused to give up her faith. Abu Bakr freed Bilal when his master, Umayya ibn Khalaf, placed a heavy rock on his chest in an attempt to force his conversion."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Islamic views on slavery」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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